-아-a +INF 아다-a-da +and_then < -아다가; with preceding verb whose stem contains ㅏ or ㅗ; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -아줘서-a-jweo-seo +favour+so implies asking sb to do st as a favour; < ju+eo -아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL -아져-a-jyeo +become+INF passive -아져서-a-jyeo-seo +become+INF+so -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL passive -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL -아라-a-ra +COMMAND/EXCL -아서-a-seo +INF+so -아야-a-ya +INF+must need to, have to; p202 -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어야지-a-ya-ji +INF+must more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in informal speech; p202 -어야지요-a-ya-ji-yo +INF+must+POL -아야만-a-ya-man +INF+must more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202 -아요-a-yo +POL -들아-deul-a +PL+VOC -잖아-janh-a- +CHECK you know? don't you see? -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL you know? don't you see? -렴아-ryeom-a +IMP implies a gentle order from a superior
-동안-dong-an +during
-았다-ass-da +PAST+AFF -았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC -았던-ass-deon +PLUPERF+DESC -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+POL -았을-ass-eul +COND+DESC -왔으면-ass-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because -았기-ass-gi +PAST+NOUN -았고-ass-go +PAST+and -았지만-ass-ji-man +PAST+but With a/o in the verb stem. -았나-ass-na +PAST+INT with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138 -았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE -았는지-ass-neun-ji +PAST+approx -았니-ass-ni +PAST+INT -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT
-ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel; used in formal settings
-백-baeg +hundred
-밖에-bagg-e +beyond always followed by a negative such as 올 an (won't), 못 mos (can't), 없 eobs (not be), 모르 mo-reu (not know), etc. Differs from -만 -man (only) in that it implies that the speaker has less than she would wish to have.
-뿐이야-bbun-i-ya +only+be+INT -뿐만-bbun-man +not_only usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)
-어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action -어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC
첩-ceob +book refers to a bound book such as an album or notebook
-천-ceon +thousand CHECK: may not be necessary when using convert_numbers()
층-ceung +floor -층에-ceung-e +floor+LOC
아다-a-da +and_then < -아다가; with preceding verb whose stem contains ㅏ or ㅗ; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -았다-ass-da +PAST+AFF -았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel; used in formal settings -보다-bo-da +than -다-da +AFF -다가-da-ga +while -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210 -다고-da-go +QUO -다면-da-myeon +AFF+if -다는-da-neun +QUO+DESC < -다고 하는, -da-go ha-neun; implies "that sb is/has/does" or "sb who is/has/does" -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE -드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES -어다-eo-da +and_then < -어다가; with preceding verb whose stem does not contain ㅏ or ㅗ, or is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -었다-eoss-da +PAST+AFF -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while also implies "since, because" -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant -겠다-gess-da +FUT+AFF -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do" -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF -까지이다-gga-ji-i-da +until+be+AFF -입니다-ib-ni-da +be+INDIC+AFF -이다-i-da +be+AFF -였다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF -이였습니다-i-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -졌다-ji-eoss-da +become+PAST+AFF -졌습니다-ji-eoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+INDIC+AFF -마다-ma-da +during refers to the preceding period of time, eg 저녁마다, jeo-nyeog-ma-da, during the evening, in the evening -ㄴ다-n-da +INDIC+AFF -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO -ㄴ다네-n-da-ne +CONFIRM -는다-neun-da +INDIC+AFF -섰습니다-seoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -습니다-seub-ni-da +INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant; used in formal settings -십니다-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel -여다-yeo-da +and_then < -여다가; with preceding verb which is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -였습니다-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF
-대리-dae-ri +assistant_manager
-달-dal +month
-았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -은데-eun-de +however while ..., nevertheless; p69 -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -까지인데-gga-ji-in-de +until+be+SUGGEST -인데-in-de +as -인데요-in-de-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL -ㄴ데-n-de +SUGGEST -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -는데요-neun-de +HESITATE implies hesitation or waiting for the other person to comment. -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.
-더니-deo-ni +RESULT -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact. -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if
-든-deun +ever -든가 -deun-ga +in_that_case -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL -거든-geo-deun +because with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because
-듯-deus +as_if -듯이-deus-i +as_if
-들도-deul-do +PL+also -도-do +also often has the meaning of "even"; attaches to nouns or adverbs; can also attach to each of two sequential verbs (V+do V+do), and then means "whether" -도록-do-rog +so_that for V-ing, to V -에도-e-do +LOC+also -어도-eo-do +INF+although implies although, even though, even if; can be used hypothetically in the past, whereas -da-ra-go can only be used in the present or future (when the action has not yet occurred); p104 -에서도-e-seo-do +LOC+also -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also -게도-ge-do +ADV+also -기도-gi-do +NOUN+also with following ha- means "sometimes" -한테도-han-te-do +to+also -이라도-i-ra-do +even with preceding consonant; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example" -지도-ji-do +neither -면서도-myeon-seo-do +while+also -라도-ra-do +even with preceding vowel; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example" -로도-ro-do +INST+also -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if -씨도-ssi-do +Ms/r+also
-된-doe-n +be+DESC
-동안-dong-an +during
-둔-dun +COMPLETED+DESC
-밖에-bagg-e +beyond always followed by a negative such as 올 an (won't), 못 mos (can't), 없 eobs (not be), 모르 mo-reu (not know), etc. Differs from -만 -man (only) in that it implies that the speaker has less than she would wish to have. -층에-ceung-e +floor+LOC -들에게-deul-e-ge +PL+to -에-e +LOC to or in a place; "to" refers only to inanimates; marks location in general (as opposed to -e-seo, which marks the location of an activity) -에도-e-do +LOC+also -에게-e-ge +to literary -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC -에나-e-na +at (time) -에는-e-neun +LOC+TOPIC -에서-e-seo +LOC with o and ga (and other motion verbs), marks source or origin, "from"; with action verbs, marks the location of the activity (as opposed to -e, which marks location in general) -에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from -에서도-e-seo-do +LOC+also -에서가-e-seo-ga +LOC+SUBJ -에서는 -e-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC -에서의-e-seo-ui +LOC+POSS -에요-e-yo +LOC+be -기에-gi-e +NOUN+LOC -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC -기전에-gi-jeon-e +NOUN+before -형에-hyeong-e +type+LOC -이에요-i-e-yo +be+PRES+POL -쯤에-jjeum-e +approx+LOC -만에-man-e +only+LOC -시에-si-e +o'clock+at -속에-sog-e +in
-아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL passive -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+POL -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어-eo +INF -어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action -어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC -어다-eo-da +and_then < -어다가; with preceding verb whose stem does not contain ㅏ or ㅗ, or is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -어도-eo-do +INF+although implies although, even though, even if; can be used hypothetically in the past, whereas -da-ra-go can only be used in the present or future (when the action has not yet occurred); p104 -어간-eo-gan +gradually+DESC -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP -어지-eo-ji +PASS adds a passive or becoming (change of state) meaning to the verb -어져-eo-ji-eo +QUERY -어질-eo-jil +PASS+L -어진-eo-jin +PASS+DESC -어지나-eo-ji-na +PAST+like_that -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -어준-eo-jun +favour+DESC -어주는-eo-ju-neun +favour+DESC -어줘-eo-jweo +favour implies asking sb to do st as a favour; < ju+eo -어줬어요-eo-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL -어져-eo-jyeo +become+INF passive -어졌어요-eo-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL passive -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -어져요-eo-jyeo-yo +become+INF+POL passive -어놓-eo-noh +COMPLETED used for an act which is completed, and the resulting state continues -어온-eo-on +PAST+DESC -어라-eo-ra +COMMAND/EXCL -어서-eo-seo +INF+so -어세요-eo-se-yo +HON+POL -었어-eoss-eo +PAST+INDIC -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+POL -어와-eo-wa +INF+and -어서-eo-wa-seo +so -어야-eo-ya +INF+must need to, have to; p202 -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어야할-eo-ya-hal +INF+must+L -어요-eo-yo +POL -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+POL -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -셨어요-syeoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT
-없이-eobs-i +without
-어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -었다-eoss-da +PAST+AFF -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while also implies "since, because" -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -었던-eoss-deon +PAST+DESC -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact. -었어-eoss-eo +PAST+INDIC -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+POL -었을-eoss-eul +PAST+L -었으면-eoss-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL -었겠네-eoss-gess-ne +PAST+FUT+EXCL -었고-eoss-go +PAST+and -었지만-eoss-ji-man +PAST+but -었나-eoss-na +PAST+INT with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138 -었네-eoss-ne +PAST+SURPRISE -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -었는지-eoss-neun-ji +PAST+approx -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -였다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF -이었던-i-eoss-deon +be+PAST+DESC -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+POL -였기-i-eoss-gi +be+PAST+NOUN -였지만-i-eoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but -였네-i-eoss-ne +be+PAST+SURPRISE -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -졌다-ji-eoss-da +become+PAST+AFF -졌습니다-ji-eoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+INDIC+AFF -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL
-왔으면-ass-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because -었으면-eoss-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because -을게요-eu-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo -으며-eu-myeo +while -으면-eu-myeon +if with preceding consonant -으면서-eu-myeon-seo +while -으니-eu-ni +because because, since, as; refers to the reason for something; can also imply that you were doing something and then realised something (else) -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because with preceding consonant -으러-eu-reo +in_order_to -으로-eu-ro +INST With preceding consonant. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of). -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also --으려고-eu-ryeo-go +INTENT with preceding consonant -으려면-eu-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if -으세요-eu-se-yo +HON+POL with preceding consonant -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -명으로-myeong-eu-ro +people+INST
-았을-ass-eul +COND+DESC -들을-deul-eul +PL+OBJ -었을-eoss-eul +PAST+L -을-eul +OBJ with preceding consonant -ㄹ거야-eul-geo-ya +FUT+INT -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL -을까-eul-gga +wonder with preceding consonant; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..." -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -음을-eum-eul +NOUN+OBJ -님을-nim-eul +Sir+OBJ -선을-seon-eul +line+TOPIC -속을-sog-eul +in+OBJ
-음을-eum-eul +NOUN+OBJ
-들은-deul-eun +PL+TOPIC -은-eun +TOPIC with preceding consonant -은데-eun-de +however while ..., nevertheless; p69 -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -은지-eun-ji +whether implies a guess, uncertainty, or lack of knowledge; p160 -면은-myeon-eun +if+TOPIC -님은요-nim-eun-yo +Sir+TOPIC+POL
-았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -비서가-bi-seo-ga +Secretary+SUBJ -다가-da-ga +while -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210 -든가 -deun-ga +in_that_case -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while also implies "since, because" -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -에서가-e-seo-ga +LOC+SUBJ -가-ga +SUBJ with preceding vowel -기가-gi-ga +NOUN+SUBJ -인가-i-n-ga +be+SUPPOSE -ㄴ가-n-ga +some suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness -ㄴ가가-n-ga-ga +some+SUBJ -씨가-ssi-ga +Ms/r+SUBJ
-들에게-deul-e-ge +PL+to -에게-e-ge +to literary -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC -을게요-eu-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo -게-ge +ADV adverbialiser; also means "so that" -게도-ge-do +ADV+also -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;
-었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL -ㄹ거야-eul-geo-ya +FUT+INT -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL -거든-geo-deun +because with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -거나-geo-na +or implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -는거야-neun-geo-ya +DESC+thing+be -ㄴ거-n-geo +DESC+thing
-건-geon +or < -거나, implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes -ㄴ건-n-geon +DESC+thing+TOPIC
-어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -었겠네-eoss-gess-ne +PAST+FUT+EXCL -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -겠다-gess-da +FUT+AFF -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do" -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL -겠지-gess-ji +FUT+QUERY -겠네-gess-ne +FUT+EXCL -겠느냐-gess-neu-nya +FUT+INDIC+ -겠니-gess-ni +FUT+INT -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO -nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -야겠네요-ya-gess-ne-yo +FUT+COMPEL+POL -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT
-았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT -을까-eul-gga +wonder with preceding consonant; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..." -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because with preceding consonant -까지-gga-ji +until -까지이다-gga-ji-i-da +until+be+AFF -까지이고-gga-ji-i-go +until+be+and -까지인데-gga-ji-in-de +until+be+SUGGEST -까지는-gga-ji-neun +until+TOPIC -입니까-ib-ni-gga +be+INDIC+INT -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT -ㄹ까-l-gga +wonder with preceding vowel; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..." -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -니까-ni-gga +because with preceding vowel or ㄹ -습니까-seub-ni-gga +INDIC+INT -십니까-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INT+PRES -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES
-께-gge +to+HON
-았기-ass-gi +PAST+NOUN -기-gi +NOUN with preceding vowel; indicates unfinished activities, processes and states -기도-gi-do +NOUN+also with following ha- means "sometimes" -기에-gi-e +NOUN+LOC -기엔-gi-en +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC -기가-gi-ga +NOUN+SUBJ -기전에-gi-jeon-e +NOUN+before -기는-gi-neun +NOUN+TOPIC -기를-gi-reul +NOUN+OBJ -기로-gi-ro +decide -였기-i-eoss-gi +be+PAST+NOUN -시기-si-gi +HON+NOUN followed by ddae-mun-e to mean "because of"; this takes a preceding noun, so a nominaliser has to be used if the preceding item is a verb
-았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO -았고-ass-go +PAST+and -다고-da-go +QUO -었고-eoss-go +PAST+and --으려고-eu-ryeo-go +INTENT with preceding consonant -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO -nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked -까지이고-gga-ji-i-go +until+be+and -고-go +and connects verbs (clauses); no logical connection is implied; "and" in a positive sentence, "or" in a negative sentence; refers to two or more things of equal status -하고-ha-go +with -이고-i-go +be+and -이라고-i-ra-go +QUO with preceding consonant -자고-ja-go +PQUO -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM -졌고-jyeoss-go +become+PAST+and -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO -냐고-nya-go +QQUO implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form -라고-ra-go +QUO with preceding vowel; in quoted commands, the benefactive 주, ju (do for, let, allow - act for the benefit of sb else) is usually replaced by 달, dal, unless the person benefitting from the action is different from the person making the command -려고-ryeo-go +INTENT with preceding vowel -였고-yeoss-go +be+PAST+and
-구먼-gu-meon +indeed -구나-gu-na +REALISE implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172 -군요-gu-nyo +REALISE+POL implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172
-뿐이야-bbun-i-ya +only+be+INT -들이-deul-i +PL+SUBJ -들이면-deul-i-myeon +PL+be+if -듯이-deus-i +as_if -없이-eobs-i +without -까지이다-gga-ji-i-da +until+be+AFF -까지이고-gga-ji-i-go +until+be+and -이-i +SUBJ with preceding consonant -이다-i-da +be+AFF -였다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF -이었던-i-eoss-deon +be+PAST+DESC -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+POL -였기-i-eoss-gi +be+PAST+NOUN -였지만-i-eoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but -였네-i-eoss-ne +be+PAST+SURPRISE -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -이에요-i-e-yo +be+PRES+POL -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -이고-i-go +be+and -이자-i-ja +be+person -이지-i-ji +be+SUGGEST -이지만-i-ji-man +be+but -이죠-i-jyo +SUBJ+QUERY -일-i-l +be+L -일이요-il-i-yo +day+be+POL -이며-i-myeo +be+while -이나-i-na +or refers to nouns -인들이-in-deul-i +person+PL+SUBJ -이네요-i-ne-yo +be+SURPRISE+POL -인가-i-n-ga +be+SUPPOSE -인이-in-i +DESC+SUBJ -이라-i-ra +be+because -이라도-i-ra-do +even with preceding consonant; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example" -이라고-i-ra-go +QUO with preceding consonant -이라며-i-ra-myeo +be+CHECK implies uncertainty and a neeed to check or confirm -이라는-i-ra-neun +be+QUO with preceding noun -이라를-i-ra-reul +be+AFF+OBJ this combination only occurs in phrases where a title which contains the verb ending is being referred to as an object, eg ‘이번 생은 처음이라’를 -이라서-i-ra-seo +be+because -이세요-i-se-yo +be+HON+PRES+POL -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT -이야-i-ya +be+INT -이였습니다-i-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -이예요-i-ye-yo +be+PRES+POL -만이-man-i +many -ㄴ일이-n-il-i +DESC+things+be
-이자-i-ja +be+person -자-ja +then can have a hortative meaning ("let's ...") -자-ja +letter -자고-ja-go +PQUO -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM -자마자-ja-ma-ja +as_soon_as cannot be used with a negative verb; similar to -ja, but implies less time; Kingdon p273
-과장-gwa-jang +section_chief
-잖아-janh-a- +CHECK you know? don't you see? -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL you know? don't you see?
-을게요-eu-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo -일-i-l +be+L -ㄹ-l +L -ㄹ걸-l-geol +should -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo; -ㄹ까-l-gga +wonder with preceding vowel; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..." -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -ㄹ지-l-ji +L+NEG -ㄹ래-l-rae +want_to with preceding vowel; can only be used in the first person; implies "let's", "shall we", or telling your intentions ("I'm giong to"); gentle way to suggest something (the other person can veto or change your plans); p212 -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL -ㄹ러-l-reo +L+PURPOSE -실-si-l +HON+L -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL
-ㅁ-m +NOUN with preceding vowel; indicates static, well-established states and/or abstract, timeless truths
-자마자-ja-ma-ja +as_soon_as cannot be used with a negative verb; similar to -ja, but implies less time; Kingdon p273 -지마-ji-ma +NEG+IMP -마다-ma-da +during refers to the preceding period of time, eg 저녁마다, jeo-nyeog-ma-da, during the evening, in the evening
-았지만-ass-ji-man +PAST+but With a/o in the verb stem. -아야만-a-ya-man +INF+must more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202 -뿐만-bbun-man +not_only usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also) -었지만-eoss-ji-man +PAST+but -였지만-i-eoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but -이지만-i-ji-man +be+but -지만-ji-man +but preceded by a verb -만-man +only -만에-man-e +only+LOC -만이-man-i +many -였지만-yeoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but
-구먼-gu-meon +indeed
-으며-eu-myeo +while -이며-i-myeo +be+while -이라며-i-ra-myeo +be+CHECK implies uncertainty and a neeed to check or confirm -며-myeo +while
-왔으면-ass-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -다면-da-myeon +AFF+if -들이면-deul-i-myeon +PL+be+if -었으면-eoss-eu-myeon +PAST+if implies "it would be great if..." -으면-eu-myeon +if with preceding consonant -으면서-eu-myeon-seo +while -으려면-eu-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if -면-myeon +if with preceding vowel -면은-myeon-eun +if+TOPIC -면서-myeon-seo +while -면서도-myeon-seo-do +while+also -려면-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if with preceding vowel -시면-si-myeon +HON+if
-명으로-myeong-eu-ro +people+INST
-된-doe-n +be+DESC -인가-i-n-ga +be+SUPPOSE -ㄴ-n +DESC -ㄴ다-n-da +INDIC+AFF -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO -ㄴ다네-n-da-ne +CONFIRM -ㄴ데-n-de +SUGGEST -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -ㄴ가-n-ga +some suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness -ㄴ가가-n-ga-ga +some+SUBJ -ㄴ거-n-geo +DESC+thing -ㄴ건-n-geon +DESC+thing+TOPIC -ㄴ일이-n-il-i +DESC+things+be -ㄴ지-n-ji +VAGUE implies vague doubt or judgment
-았나-ass-na +PAST+INT with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138 -에나-e-na +at (time) -어지나-eo-ji-na +PAST+like_that -었나-eoss-na +PAST+INT with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138 -거나-geo-na +or implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes -구나-gu-na +REALISE implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172 -이나-i-na +or refers to nouns -나-na +or with a verb,and followed by bo, see, means "it seems that...", p138 -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL
-았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC -았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE -았는지-ass-neun-ji +PAST+approx -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210 -다는-da-neun +QUO+DESC < -다고 하는, -da-go ha-neun; implies "that sb is/has/does" or "sb who is/has/does" -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC -에는-e-neun +LOC+TOPIC -어주는-eo-ju-neun +favour+DESC -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210 -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -었는지-eoss-neun-ji +PAST+approx -에서는 -e-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do" -까지는-gga-ji-neun +until+TOPIC -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC -기는-gi-neun +NOUN+TOPIC -공주는-gong-ju-neun +Princess+TOPIC -과는-gwa-neun +and+TOPIC -이라는-i-ra-neun +be+QUO with preceding noun -는-neun +TOPIC with preceding vowel -는다-neun-da +INDIC+AFF -는데요-neun-de +HESITATE implies hesitation or waiting for the other person to comment. -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -는거야-neun-geo-ya +DESC+thing+be -는지-neun-ji +QVAGUE -는요-neun-yo +TOPIC+POL -라는-ra-neun +QUO+TOPIC with preceding vowel -로는-ro-neun +INST+TOPIC -려는-ryeo-neun +INTENT+TOPIC -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL -여는-yeo-neun +be+INF+TOPIC
-았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because -았니-ass-ni +PAST+INT -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT -ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel; used in formal settings -더니-deo-ni +RESULT -드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact. -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF -으니-eu-ni +because because, since, as; refers to the reason for something; can also imply that you were doing something and then realised something (else) -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because with preceding consonant -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant -겠니-gess-ni +FUT+INT -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF -입니다-ib-ni-da +be+INDIC+AFF -입니까-ib-ni-gga +be+INDIC+INT -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT -이였습니다-i-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -졌습니다-ji-eoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+INDIC+AFF -니-ni +because -니-ni +INT -니까-ni-gga +because with preceding vowel or ㄹ -섰습니다-seoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF -습니다-seub-ni-da +INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant; used in formal settings -습니까-seub-ni-gga +INDIC+INT -십니다-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel -십니까-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INT+PRES -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES -였습니다-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF
-어놓-eo-noh +COMPLETED used for an act which is completed, and the resulting state continues
-겠느냐-gess-neu-nya +FUT+INDIC+ -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO -nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked -냐고-nya-go +QQUO implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form
-년-nyeon +year
-군요-gu-nyo +REALISE+POL implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172
-십시오-sib-si-o +HON+IMP+AFF
-어온-eo-on +PAST+DESC
-아라-a-ra +COMMAND/EXCL -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP -어라-eo-ra +COMMAND/EXCL -이라-i-ra +be+because -이라도-i-ra-do +even with preceding consonant; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example" -이라고-i-ra-go +QUO with preceding consonant -이라며-i-ra-myeo +be+CHECK implies uncertainty and a neeed to check or confirm -이라는-i-ra-neun +be+QUO with preceding noun -이라를-i-ra-reul +be+AFF+OBJ this combination only occurs in phrases where a title which contains the verb ending is being referred to as an object, eg ‘이번 생은 처음이라’를 -이라서-i-ra-seo +be+because -라-ra +because < 라고, -ra-seo -라도-ra-do +even with preceding vowel; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example" -라고-ra-go +QUO with preceding vowel; in quoted commands, the benefactive 주, ju (do for, let, allow - act for the benefit of sb else) is usually replaced by 달, dal, unless the person benefitting from the action is different from the person making the command -라는-ra-neun +QUO+TOPIC with preceding vowel -라고-ra-seo +because -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if
-ㄹ래-l-rae +want_to with preceding vowel; can only be used in the first person; implies "let's", "shall we", or telling your intentions ("I'm giong to"); gentle way to suggest something (the other person can veto or change your plans); p212 -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL
-기를-gi-reul +NOUN+OBJ -이라를-i-ra-reul +be+AFF+OBJ this combination only occurs in phrases where a title which contains the verb ending is being referred to as an object, eg ‘이번 생은 처음이라’를 -를-reul +OBJ with preceding vowel
-대리-dae-ri +assistant_manager -어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action -짜리 -jja-ri +amount -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT
-드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES
-어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC
-으로-eu-ro +INST With preceding consonant. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of). -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also -기로-gi-ro +decide -명으로-myeong-eu-ro +people+INST -로-ro +INST With preceding vowel or ㄹ. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of). -로도-ro-do +INST+also -로는-ro-neun +INST+TOPIC -로서-ro-seo +regarding
-도록-do-rog +so_that for V-ing, to V
--으려고-eu-ryeo-go +INTENT with preceding consonant -으려면-eu-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if -려-ryeo +INTENT -려고-ryeo-go +INTENT with preceding vowel -려면-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if with preceding vowel -려는-ryeo-neun +INTENT+TOPIC
-렴아-ryeom-a +IMP implies a gentle order from a superior
-률-ryul +rate -률과-ryul-gwa +rate+and
-어세요-eo-se-yo +HON+POL -으세요-eu-se-yo +HON+POL with preceding consonant -이세요-i-se-yo +be+HON+PRES+POL -세요-se-yo +HON+POL with preceding vowel
-아줘서-a-jweo-seo +favour+so implies asking sb to do st as a favour; < ju+eo -아져서-a-jyeo-seo +become+INF+so -아서-a-seo +INF+so -비서가-bi-seo-ga +Secretary+SUBJ -비서관-bi-seo-gwan +Secretary -어서-eo-seo +INF+so -어서-eo-wa-seo +so -에서-e-seo +LOC with o and ga (and other motion verbs), marks source or origin, "from"; with action verbs, marks the location of the activity (as opposed to -e, which marks location in general) -에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from -에서도-e-seo-do +LOC+also -에서가-e-seo-ga +LOC+SUBJ -에서는 -e-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC -에서의-e-seo-ui +LOC+POSS -으면서-eu-myeon-seo +while -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also -이라서-i-ra-seo +be+because -면서-myeon-seo +while -면서도-myeon-seo-do +while+also -라고-ra-seo +because -로서-ro-seo +regarding -서-seo +so
-으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -십시오-sib-si-o +HON+IMP+AFF -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if -시에-si-e +o'clock+at -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -시기-si-gi +HON+NOUN followed by ddae-mun-e to mean "because of"; this takes a preceding noun, so a nominaliser has to be used if the preceding item is a verb -시지-si-ji +HON+SUGGEST -실-si-l +HON+L -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL -시면-si-myeon +HON+if -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES -시네요-si-ne-yo +HON+SURPRISE+POL
-으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding consonant -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT -십-sib +ten -십니다-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF with preceding vowel -십니까-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INT+PRES -십시오-sib-si-o +HON+IMP+AFF
-속에-sog-e +in -속을-sog-eul +in+OBJ
-씨-ssi Ms, Mrs, Mr not as formal or polite as the English Ms/Mrs/Mr; used to address an adult who is about the same age as or younger than yourself; should NOT be used to refer to yourself, or to address bosses or adults who are older than you -씨도-ssi-do +Ms/r+also -씨가-ssi-ga +Ms/r+SUBJ -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL
-씩-ssig +number
-셔야-syeo-ya +HON+must
-셨어요-syeoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL
-한테-han-te +to -한테도-han-te-do +to+also
-부터-bu-teo +from has the same "from" meaning as 에서, but sounds more formal
-에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from
-아야-a-ya +INF+must need to, have to; p202 -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어야지-a-ya-ji +INF+must more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in informal speech; p202 -어야지요-a-ya-ji-yo +INF+must+POL -아야만-a-ya-man +INF+must more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202 -뿐이야-bbun-i-ya +only+be+INT -어야-eo-ya +INF+must need to, have to; p202 -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어야할-eo-ya-hal +INF+must+L -ㄹ거야-eul-geo-ya +FUT+INT -이야-i-ya +be+INT -는거야-neun-geo-ya +DESC+thing+be -셔야-syeo-ya +HON+must -야-ya +AFF in geo-ya < geos-i-ya -야겠네요-ya-gess-ne-yo +FUT+COMPEL+POL -야할-ya-hal +INF+needs_to+L -야지-ya-ji +should -야지요-ya-ji-yo +should+POL
-여-yeo +INF -여-yeo over, exceeding -여다-yeo-da +and_then < -여다가; with preceding verb which is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT -여는-yeo-neun +be+INF+TOPIC
-아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL passive -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+POL -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어야지요-a-ya-ji-yo +INF+must+POL -아요-a-yo +POL -어줬어요-eo-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL -어졌어요-eo-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL passive -어져요-eo-jyeo-yo +become+INF+POL passive -어세요-eo-se-yo +HON+POL -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+POL -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL -어요-eo-yo +POL -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL -을게요-eu-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -으세요-eu-se-yo +HON+POL with preceding consonant -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -에요-e-yo +LOC+be -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL -해요-hae-yo +do+POL -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+POL -이에요-i-e-yo +be+PRES+POL -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because -일이요-il-i-yo +day+be+POL -인데요-in-de-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL -이네요-i-ne-yo +be+SURPRISE+POL -이세요-i-se-yo +be+HON+PRES+POL -이예요-i-ye-yo +be+PRES+POL -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL you know? don't you see? -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo; -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt. -는요-neun-yo +TOPIC+POL -네요-ne-yo +SURPRISE+POL indicates surprise or sudden realisation -님은요-nim-eun-yo +Sir+TOPIC+POL -세요-se-yo +HON+POL with preceding vowel -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL -시네요-si-ne-yo +HON+SURPRISE+POL -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL -셨어요-syeoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL -야겠네요-ya-gess-ne-yo +FUT+COMPEL+POL -야지요-ya-ji-yo +should+POL -예요-ye-yo +be+POL -요-yo +POL
