-아-a +INF [] 아다-a-da +and_then [< -아다가; with preceding verb whose stem contains ㅏ or ㅗ; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] 아도-a-do +even_if [] -아둔-a-du-n +COMPLETED+DESC [] -아둔-a-dun +PERF [indicates a state resulting from a previous action] -아지-a-ji +PASS [adds a passive or becoming (change of state) meaning to the verb] -아졌어-a-ji-eoss-eo +become+PAST [passive] -아졌어요-a-ji-eoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아졌으니-a-ji-eoss-eu-ni +become+PAST+because [passive] -아졌네요-a-ji-eoss-ne-yo +become+PAST+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -아질-a-ji-l +PASS+L [adds a passive or becoming (change of state) meaning to the verb] -아지네요-a-ji-ne-yo +become+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -아주었다-a-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -아주지-a-ju-ji +for_someone+NEG [] -아주실-a-ju-si-l +favour+HON+FUT [] -아줘서-a-jweo-seo +favour+so [implies asking sb to do st as a favour; < ju+eo] -아줬어야-a-jweoss-eo-ya +favour+PAST+should [] -아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL [] -아져-a-jyeo +become+INF [passive] -아져서-a-jyeo-seo +become+INF+so [] -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아낸다면-a-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL [] -아왔지-a-o-ass-ji +PAST+AFF [] -아라-a-ra +COMMAND/EXCL [] -아라고만-a-ra-go-man +QUO+only [] -아서-a-seo +INF+so [] -아서인지-a-seo-in-ji +because+be+maybe [] -아야-a-ya +INF+must [need to, have to; p202] -어야겠어-a-ya-gess-eo +should [] -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -어야지-a-ya-ji +INF+must [more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in informal speech; p202] -어야지요-a-ya-ji-yo +INF+must+POL [] -아야만-a-ya-man +INF+must [more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202] -아요-a-yo +POL [] -들아-deul-a +PL+VOC [] -었잖아-eoss-janh-a +PAST+CHECK [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -이잖아요-i-janh-a-yo +be+CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -잖아-janh-a +CHECK [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -렴아-ryeom-a +IMP [implies a gentle order from a superior]
-동안-dong-an +during []
-아왔지-a-o-ass-ji +PAST+AFF [] -았다-ass-da +PAST+AFF [] -았다더니-ass-da-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [] -았다가-ass-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -았단다-ass-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC [] -았던-ass-deon +PLUPERF+DESC [] -았더니-ass-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -았어-ass-eo +PAST+INF [] -았었다-ass-eoss-da +PAST+PAST+AFF [] -았었었다고-ass-eoss-eoss-da-go +PLUPERF+QUO [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았었었을-ass-eoss-eoss-eul +PLUPERF+L [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -았을-ass-eu-l +COND+DESC [] -았을-ass-eul +COND+DESC [] -았을-ass-eul2 +PAST+L [] -았으며-ass-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -왔으면-ass-eu-myeon +PAST+if [implies "it would be great if..."] -았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -았거든-ass-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -았거든요-ass-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -았거나-ass-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -았기-ass-gi +PAST+NOUN [] -았고-ass-go +PAST+and [] -았군-ass-gun +PAST+SURPRISE [] -았구나-ass-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -았지-ass-ji +PAST+SUGGEST [] -았지만-ass-ji-man +PAST+but [With a/o in the verb stem.] -았나-ass-na +PAST+INT [with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138] -았네-ass-ne +PAST+SURPRISE [indicates surprise or sudden realisation] -았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE [] -았는지-ass-neun-ji +PAST+approx [] -았니-ass-ni +PAST+INT [] -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT [] -얐단다-i-ass-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell []
-ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF [with preceding vowel; used in formal settings]
-백-baeg +hundred []
-밖에-bagg-e +beyond [always followed by a negative such as 올 an (won't), 못 mos (can't), 없 eobs (not be), 모르 mo-reu (not know), etc. Differs from -만 -man (only) in that it implies that the speaker has less than she would wish to have.]
-방-bang +shop []
-밭과-bat-gwa +field+and []
-뿐-bbun +only [] -뿐이었다-bbun-i-eoss-da +only+be+PAST+AFF [] -뿐이야-bbun-i-ya +only+be+INT [] -뿐만-bbun-man +not_only [usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)] -리뿐만-ri-bbun-man +village+not_only [usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)]
-버린-beo-rin[] -어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어버렸다-eo-beo-ri-eoss-da +completely+PAST+AFF [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC []
-부-bu +section [] -부터-bu-teo +from [has the same "from" meaning as 에서, but sounds more formal
] -부턴가-bu-teon-ga +from+SUPPOSE [suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness or uncertainty] -에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -서부터-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from []
첩-ceob +book [refers to a bound book such as an album or notebook]
-천-ceon +thousand [CHECK: may not be necessary when using convert_numbers()]
층-ceung +floor [] -층에-ceung-e +floor+LOC []
-치-ci +fool [] -어치-eo-ci +amount [the amount that corresponds to a particular price] -어치만-eo-ci-man +amount+only []
-치-ci2 +quantity []
아다-a-da +and_then [< -아다가; with preceding verb whose stem contains ㅏ or ㅗ; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] -아주었다-a-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -아낸다면-a-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -았다-ass-da +PAST+AFF [] -았다더니-ass-da-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [] -았다가-ass-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -았단다-ass-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC [] -았었다-ass-eoss-da +PAST+PAST+AFF [] -았었었다고-ass-eoss-eoss-da-go +PLUPERF+QUO [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -뿐이었다-bbun-i-eoss-da +only+be+PAST+AFF [] -ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF [with preceding vowel; used in formal settings] -보다-bo-da +than [] -보다도-bo-da-do +than+even [] -보다는-bo-da-neun +than+TOPIC [] -다-da +AFF [] -댄다-daen-da +keep_doing [] -다가-da-ga +and_then ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -다가-da-ga2 +PERF [] -다가도-da-ga-do +and_then+even ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -다간-da-gan +and_then+DESC ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue [implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210] -다고-da-go +QUO [] -다면-da-myeon +AFF+if [] -단다-da-n-da +hear_tell [] -다는-da-neun +QUO+DESC [< -다고 하는, -da-go ha-neun; implies "that sb is/has/does" or "sb who is/has/does"] -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE [] -다니-da-ni +DISBELIEF [] -다니-da-ni2 +ONGOING [] -다니까-da-ni-gga +CONFIRM [] -들보다-deul-bo-da +PL+than [] -들이다-deul-i-da +PL+be+AFF [] -들이었다-deul-i-eoss-da +PL+be+PAST+AFF [after a consonant] -들마다-deul-ma-da +PL+during [] -드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES [] -에다-e-da +inside [] -어버렸다-eo-beo-ri-eoss-da +completely+PAST+AFF [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어다-eo-da +and_then [< -어다가; with preceding verb whose stem does not contain ㅏ or ㅗ, or is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] -어주었다-eo-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어낸다면-eo-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -었다-eoss-da +PAST+AFF [] -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -었다고-eoss-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -었다면-eoss-da-myeon +PAST+AFF+if [] -였단다-eoss-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -었다는-eoss-da-neun +PAST+AFF+DESC [] -었다니-eoss-da-ni +PAST+DISBELIEF [] -었었다-eoss-eoss-da +PAST+PAST+AFF [] -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must [implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation] -읍시다-eub-si-da +HON+PROP [] -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [with preceding consonant] -으십시다-eu-sib-si-da +HON+PROP [used mostly by older male speakers] -겠다-gess-da +FUT+AFF [] -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO [] -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF [implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do"] -겠다는데-gess-da-neun-de +FUT+REASON [] -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -까지이다-gga-ji-i-da +until+be+AFF [] -얐단다-i-ass-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell [] -입니다-ib-ni-da +be+INDIC+AFF [] -이다-i-da +be+AFF [] -이었다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF [after a consonant] -였다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF [] -였단다.-i-eoss-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell [] -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -인데다-in-de-da +be+in_addition [indicates an additional reason or fact; implies that the current situation is influenced by the additional fact, adding another layer of explanation or justification] -이란다-i-ra-n-da +be+QUO [implies explanation or assertion] -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -이시다-i-si-da +be+HON+AFF [] -이였습니다-i-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -졌다-ji-eoss-da +become+PAST+AFF [] -째다-jjae-da +already [] -졌다-jyeoss-da +become+PAST+AFF [] -졌습니다-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -마다-ma-da +during, each, every [refers to the preceding period of time, eg 저녁마다, jeo-nyeog-ma-da, during the evening, in the evening] -ㄴ다-n-da +INDIC+AFF [] -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO [] -ㄴ다며-n-da-myeo +QUO [] -ㄴ다면-n-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -ㄴ단다-n-da-n-da +hear_tell [] -ㄴ다네-n-da-ne +CONFIRM [] -ㄴ다는-n-da-neun +INDIC+AFF+DESC [] -네였다-ne-i-eoss-da +STATE+be+PAST+AFF [] -는다-neun-da +INDIC+AFF [] -는다거나-neun-da-geo-na +INDIC+AFF+or [used when listing or considering possibilities] -는다면-neu-n-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -는다면-neun-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -는다는-neun-da-neun +INDIC+AFF+DESC [] -는데다-neun-de-da +in_addition [] -그리트-rab-ni-da +be+hear_that [contraction of -라고 합니다, -rago hamnida] -란다-ra-n-da +QUO [implies explanation or assertion] -섰습니다-seoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -습니다-seub-ni-da +INDIC+AFF [with preceding consonant; used in formal settings] -십니다-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [with preceding vowel] -십시다-sib-si-da +HON+PROP [used mostly by older male speakers] -시-si-da +HON+AFF [] -신다-sin-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [] -야겠다-ya-gess-da +should+FUT+AFF [] -여다-yeo-da +and_then [< -여다가; with preceding verb which is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] -였습니다-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF []
-대가리-dae-ga-ri +extremely [note that this affix is always followed by eobs-, eg 재미대가리 없-, be bloody boring] -대는-dae-neun +CONT+TOPIC [] -대리-dae-ri +assistant_manager [] -대로-dae-ro +according_to [] -어대는-eo-dae-neun +CONT+TOPIC [] -었대-eoss-dae +PAST+REPORT [] -느대요-n-dae-yo +QUO+SURPRISE [< 한다고 해요 han-da-go hae-yo; expresses surprise or confirmation about information that has been newly-learned or relayed from someone else]
-댄다-daen-da +keep_doing []
-달-dal +month []
-담-dam +AFF+EMPH []
-담-dam2 +story []
-ㄴ단-n-dan +AFF+DESC []
-딱지-ddag-ji +unpleasant []
-았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE [] -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE [] -던데요-deo-n-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -었었는데-eoss-eoss-neun-de +PAST+PAST+SUGGEST [] -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST [] -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -은데-eun-de +however [while ..., nevertheless; p69] -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -겠다는데-gess-da-neun-de +FUT+REASON [] -까지인데-gga-ji-in-de +until+be+SUGGEST [] -이었는데-i-eoss-neun-de +be+PAST+SUGGEST [] -인데-in-de +be+SUGGEST [expresses contrast: "even though", "...but/yet"] -인데다-in-de-da +be+in_addition [indicates an additional reason or fact; implies that the current situation is influenced by the additional fact, adding another layer of explanation or justification] -인데요-in-de-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL [expresses contrast: "even though", "...but/yet"] -ㄴ데-n-de +SUGGEST [] -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -는데요-neun-de +HESITATE [implies hesitation or waiting for the other person to comment.] -는데다-neun-de-da +in_addition [] -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL [with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.]
-았다더니-ass-da-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [] -았더니-ass-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -던데요-deo-n-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -더니-deo-ni +RESULT [] -더라-deo-ra +PAST [] -더라도-deo-ra-do +even_if [] -더라구요-deo-ra-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -었더라면-eoss-deo-ra-myeon +PAST+COND [] -이더니-i-deo-ni +be+RESULT [] -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if []
-았거든-ass-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -았거든요-ass-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -든-deun +ever [] -든가 -deun-ga +in_that_case [] -었거든-eoss-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -거든-geo-deun +because [with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL [with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL [with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -이라든가-i-ra-deun-ga whatever [] -라든가-ra-deun-ga whatever []
-듯-deus +as_if [] -듯이-deus-i +as_if []
아도-a-do +even_if [] -보다도-bo-da-do +than+even [] -봐도-bwa-do +may_I [] -다가도-da-ga-do +and_then+even ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -더라도-deo-ra-do +even_if [] -들도-deul-do +PL+also [] -들과도-deul-gwa-do +PL+and+even [] -들한테도-deul-han-te-do +PL+to+also [] -도-do +also [often has the meaning of "even"; attaches to nouns or adverbs; can also attach to each of two sequential verbs (V+do V+do), and then means "whether"] -도록-do-rog +so_that [for V-ing, to V, just V-ing] -에도-e-do +LOC+also [] -어도-eo-do +INF+although [implies although, even though, even if; can be used hypothetically in the past, whereas -da-ra-go can only be used in the present or future (when the action has not yet occurred); p104] -었는지도-eoss-neun-ji-do +PAST+approx+even [might have ...] -에서도-e-seo-do +LOC+also [] -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also [] -게도-ge-do +ADV+also [] -기도-gi-do +NOUN+also [with following ha- means "sometimes"] -기라도-gi-ra-do +NOUN+even [] -고도-go-do +even_then [] -한테도-han-te-do +to+also [] -이기도-i-gi-do +also [] -이라도-i-ra-do +even [with preceding consonant; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example"] -지도-ji-do +neither [] -ㄹ지-l-ji-do +might+also [] -만으로도-man-eu-ro-do +only+INST+even [] -면서도-myeon-seo-do +while+also [] -는지도-neun-ji-do +DESC+neither [] -라도-ra-do +even [with preceding vowel; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example"] -로도-ro-do +INST+also [] -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if [] -씨도-ssi-do +Ms/r+also []
-된-doe-n +be+DESC []
-동안-dong-an +during []
-아둔-a-du-n +COMPLETED+DESC []
-아둔-a-dun +PERF [indicates a state resulting from a previous action] -둔-dun +COMPLETED+DESC [] -어둔-eo-dun +PERF [indicates a state resulting from a previous action]
-뒤에-dwi-e +behind []
-밖에-bagg-e +beyond [always followed by a negative such as 올 an (won't), 못 mos (can't), 없 eobs (not be), 모르 mo-reu (not know), etc. Differs from -만 -man (only) in that it implies that the speaker has less than she would wish to have.] -층에-ceung-e +floor+LOC [] -들에게-deul-e-ge +PL+to [] -들에겐-deul-e-gen +PL+to+TOPIC [] -들에서-deul-e-seo +PL+LOC [] -들에서는-deul-e-seo-neun +PL+LOC+TOPIC [] -뒤에-dwi-e +behind [] -에-e +LOC [to or in a place; "to" refers only to inanimates; marks location in general (as opposed to -e-seo, which marks the location of an activity) ] -에다-e-da +inside [] -에도-e-do +LOC+also [] -에게-e-ge +to [literary] -에겐-e-gen +to+TOPIC [literary] -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC [literary] -에게서-e-ge-seo +from [literary] -에게서는-e-ge-seo-neun +from+TOPIC [literary] -에까지-e-gga-ji +LOC+until [] -에나-e-na +at (time) [] -에는-e-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -에서-e-seo +LOC [with o and ga (and other motion verbs), marks source or origin, "from"; with action verbs, marks the location of the activity (as opposed to -e, which marks location in general)] -에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -에서도-e-seo-do +LOC+also [] -에서가-e-seo-ga +LOC+SUBJ [] -에선-e-seon +LOC+DESC [] -에서는 -e-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -에서의-e-seo-ui +LOC+POSS [] -에요-e-yo +LOC+be [] -기에-gi-e +NOUN+LOC [] -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC [] -기전에-gi-jeon-e +NOUN+before [] -형에-hyeong-e +type+LOC [] -이에요-i-e-yo +be+PRES+POL [] -쯤에-jjeum-e +approx+LOC [] -만에-man-e +only+LOC [] -시에-si-e +o'clock+at [] -속에-sog-e +in []
-아졌어-a-ji-eoss-eo +become+PAST [passive] -아졌어요-a-ji-eoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아줬어야-a-jweoss-eo-ya +favour+PAST+should [] -아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL [] -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL [] -았어-ass-eo +PAST+INF [] -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -어야겠어-a-ya-gess-eo +should [] -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -어-eo +INF [] -어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어버렸다-eo-beo-ri-eoss-da +completely+PAST+AFF [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC [] -어치-eo-ci +amount [the amount that corresponds to a particular price] -어치만-eo-ci-man +amount+only [] -어다-eo-da +and_then [< -어다가; with preceding verb whose stem does not contain ㅏ or ㅗ, or is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] -어대는-eo-dae-neun +CONT+TOPIC [] -어도-eo-do +INF+although [implies although, even though, even if; can be used hypothetically in the past, whereas -da-ra-go can only be used in the present or future (when the action has not yet occurred); p104] -어둔-eo-dun +PERF [indicates a state resulting from a previous action] -어간-eo-gan +gradually+DESC [] -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP [] -어지-eo-ji +PASS [adds a passive or becoming (change of state) meaning to the verb] -어져-eo-ji-eo +QUERY [] -어질-eo-jil +PASS+L [] -어질수록-eo-jil-su-rog +become+the_more [] -어진-eo-jin +PASS+DESC [] -어지나-eo-ji-na +PAST+like_that [] -어주었다-eo-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어준-eo-jun +favour+DESC [] -어주는-eo-ju-neun +favour+DESC [] -어줘-eo-jweo +favour [implies asking sb to do st as a favour; < ju+eo] -어줬어요-eo-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL [] -어져-eo-jyeo +become+INF [passive] -어졌어요-eo-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어져요-eo-jyeo-yo +become+INF+POL [passive] -어낸다면-eo-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -어놓-eo-noh +COMPLETED [used for an act which is completed, and the resulting state continues] -어놓고-eo-noh-go +COMPLETED+and [] -어웠지-eo-o-eoss-ji +PAST+AFF [] -어온-eo-on +PAST+DESC [] -어라-eo-ra +COMMAND/EXCL [] -어라-eo-ra +IMP [] -어서-eo-seo +INF+so [] -어서가-eo-seo-ga +because_of [] -어세요-eo-se-yo +HON+POL [] -었어-eoss-eo +PAST+INF [] -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -어와-eo-wa +INF+and [] -어서-eo-wa-seo +so [] -어야-eo-ya +INF+must [need to, have to; p202] -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must [implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation] -어야겠어-eo-ya-gess-eo +should [] -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -어야할-eo-ya-hal +INF+must+L [] -어야만-eo-ya-man +INF+must [more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202] -어요-eo-yo +INF+POL [] -으셔-eu-si-eo +HON+INF [] -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL [] -해져-hae-ji-eo +do+become [] -이었어-i-eoss-eo +be+PAST+INF [] -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+INF+POL [] -셨어-si-eoss-eo +HON+PAST [] -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL [] -셔야겠네요-si-eo-ya-gess-ne-yo +HON+should+FUT+SURPRISE+POL [] -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -셨어요-syeoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL [] -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT []
-어-eo2 +language []
-없이-eobs-i +without []
-아졌어-a-ji-eoss-eo +become+PAST [passive] -아졌어요-a-ji-eoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아졌으니-a-ji-eoss-eu-ni +become+PAST+because [passive] -아졌네요-a-ji-eoss-ne-yo +become+PAST+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -아주었다-a-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -았었다-ass-eoss-da +PAST+PAST+AFF [] -았었었다고-ass-eoss-eoss-da-go +PLUPERF+QUO [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았었었을-ass-eoss-eoss-eul +PLUPERF+L [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -뿐이었다-bbun-i-eoss-da +only+be+PAST+AFF [] -들이었다-deul-i-eoss-da +PL+be+PAST+AFF [after a consonant] -어버렸다-eo-beo-ri-eoss-da +completely+PAST+AFF [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어주었다-eo-ju-eoss-da +favour+PAST+AFF [] -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어웠지-eo-o-eoss-ji +PAST+AFF [] -었다-eoss-da +PAST+AFF [] -었대-eoss-dae +PAST+REPORT [] -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -었다고-eoss-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -었다면-eoss-da-myeon +PAST+AFF+if [] -였단다-eoss-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -었다는-eoss-da-neun +PAST+AFF+DESC [] -었다니-eoss-da-ni +PAST+DISBELIEF [] -었던-eoss-deon +PAST+DESC [] -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -었더라면-eoss-deo-ra-myeon +PAST+COND [] -었어-eoss-eo +PAST+INF [] -었었다-eoss-eoss-da +PAST+PAST+AFF [] -었었는데-eoss-eoss-neun-de +PAST+PAST+SUGGEST [] -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -었을-eoss-eu-l +PAST+L [] -었을-eoss-eul +PAST+L [] -었을-eoss-eul2 +COND+DESC [] -었을까-eoss-eul-gga +PAST+wonder [] -었을지-eoss-eul-ji +PAST+CONJECTURE [expresses uncertainty about a past possibility, suggests a past event is speculative] -었으며-eoss-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -었으면-eoss-eu-myeon +PAST+if [implies "it would be great if..."] -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because [] -었으니까-eoss-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -었거든-eoss-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -었거나-eoss-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -었겠지-eoss-gess-ji +PAST+FUT+QUERY [indicates a conjecture about the past] -었겠네-eoss-gess-ne +PAST+FUT+EXCL [] -었기-eoss-gi +PAST+NOUN [indicates unfinished activities, processes and states] -었고-eoss-go +PAST+and [] -었군-eoss-gun +PAST+SURPRISE [] -었구나-eoss-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -었구요-eoss-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -었잖아-eoss-janh-a +PAST+CHECK [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -었지-eoss-ji +PAST+remember [indicates unfinished activities, processes and states] -었지만-eoss-ji-man +PAST+but [] -었죠-eoss-jyo +PAST+remember [] -었나-eoss-na +PAST+INT [with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138] -었네-eoss-ne +PAST+SURPRISE [] -었네-eoss-ne +PAST+SURPRISE [indicates surprise or sudden realisation] -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST [] -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -었는지-eoss-neun-ji +PAST+approx [] -었는지도-eoss-neun-ji-do +PAST+approx+even [might have ...] -었네요-eoss-ne-yo +PAST+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -었니-eoss-ni +PAST+INT [] -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -였다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF [] -이었다-i-eoss-da +be+PAST+AFF [after a consonant] -였단다.-i-eoss-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell [] -이었던-i-eoss-deon +be+PAST+DESC [] -이었어-i-eoss-eo +be+PAST+INF [] -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+INF+POL [] -이었을-i-eoss-eul +be+PAST+L [] -이었을까-i-eoss-eul-gga +be+PAST+wonder [] -였기-i-eoss-gi +be+PAST+NOUN [] -이었고-i-eoss-go +be+PAST+and [after a consonant] -였지만-i-eoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but [] -였네-i-eoss-ne +be+PAST+SURPRISE [] -이었는-i-eoss-neun +be+PAST+DESC [] -이었는데-i-eoss-neun-de +be+PAST+SUGGEST [] -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -졌다-ji-eoss-da +become+PAST+AFF [] -네였다-ne-i-eoss-da +STATE+be+PAST+AFF [] -셨어-si-eoss-eo +HON+PAST [] -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL [] -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL [] -셨습니까-si-eoss-seub-ni-gga +HON+INDIC+INT []
-아졌으니-a-ji-eoss-eu-ni +become+PAST+because [passive] -았을-ass-eu-l +COND+DESC [] -았으며-ass-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -왔으면-ass-eu-myeon +PAST+if [implies "it would be great if..."] -았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -었을-eoss-eu-l +PAST+L [] -었으며-eoss-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -었으면-eoss-eu-myeon +PAST+if [implies "it would be great if..."] -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because [] -었으니까-eoss-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -을-eu-l +L [] -으므로-eu-meu-ro +because [] -으면-eu-myeon +if [with preceding consonant] -으면서-eu-myeon-seo +while [] -은-eu-n +DESC [] -으나-eu-na +although [] -으니-eu-ni +because [because, since, as; refers to the reason for something; can also imply that you were doing something and then realised something (else)] -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because [with preceding consonant] -으니까요-eu-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding consonant] -으라-eu-ra +IMP [] -으러-eu-reo +in_order_to [] -으리라-eu-ri-ra +FUT [] -으리라고는-eu-ri-ra-go-neun +FUT+DISBELIEF [] -으로-eu-ro +INST [With preceding consonant. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of).] -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also [] --으려고-eu-ryeo-go +INTENT [with preceding consonant] -으려면-eu-ryeo-myeon +INTENT+if [] -으세요-eu-se-yo +HON+POL [with preceding consonant] -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [with preceding consonant] -으십시다-eu-sib-si-da +HON+PROP [used mostly by older male speakers] -으십시오-eu-sib-si-o +HON+IMP+AFF [] -으셔-eu-si-eo +HON+INF [] -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -으시니-eu-si-ni +HON+INT [] -으시냐-eu-si-nya +HON+INT [] -으시오-eu-si-o +POL+IMP [] -으셔-eu-syeo +HON+INF [] -으셔요-eu-syeo-yo +HON+INF+POL [old-fashioned compared to -eu-se-yo] -점으로-jeom-eu-ro +like_a_dot [] -만으로-man-eu-ro +only+INST [just because, solely because of, for that reason alone, just on account of, merely due to] -만으로도-man-eu-ro-do +only+INST+even [] -명으로-myeong-eu-ro +people+INST []
-읍-eub +town [] -읍시다-eub-si-da +HON+PROP []
-았었었을-ass-eoss-eoss-eul +PLUPERF+L [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았을-ass-eul +COND+DESC [] -들을-deul-eul +PL+OBJ [] -었을-eoss-eul +PAST+L [] -었을까-eoss-eul-gga +PAST+wonder [] -었을지-eoss-eul-ji +PAST+CONJECTURE [expresses uncertainty about a past possibility, suggests a past event is speculative] -을-eul +OBJ [with preceding consonant] -거야-eul-geo-ya +FUT+INT [] -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL [] -을게요-eul-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo] -을까-eul-gga +wonder [with preceding consonant; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..."] -을까를-eul-gga-reul +wonder+TOPIC [] -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should [with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -을지-eul-ji +CONJECTURE [expresses uncertainty or speculation about the existence or occurrence of something ('whether it exists/will exist' or 'if there might be')
] -을수록-eul-su-rog +the_more [expresses linked change: "the more X happens, the more Y"; attached to X, and Y often has the affix -지, -ji] -음을-eum-eul +NOUN+OBJ [] -이었을-i-eoss-eul +be+PAST+L [] -이었을까-i-eoss-eul-gga +be+PAST+wonder [] -임을-im-eul +ASSERT [confirms that something is the case] -님을-nim-eul +Sir+OBJ [] -선을-seon-eul +line+TOPIC [] -속을-sog-eul +in+OBJ []
-들은-deul-eun +PL+TOPIC [] -은-eun +TOPIC [with preceding consonant] -은데-eun-de +however [while ..., nevertheless; p69] -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -은지-eun-ji +whether [implies a guess, uncertainty, or lack of knowledge; p160] -같은-gat-eun like, similar to, such as, ditto [] -군은-gun-eun +county+TOPIC [] -쯤은-jjeum-eun +approx+TOPIC [] 만은-man-eun +only+TOPIC [] -민들은-min-deul-eun +people+PL+TOPIC [] -면은-myeon-eun +if+TOPIC [] -늘로-myeong-eun +people+TOPIC [] -님은요-nim-eun-yo +Sir+TOPIC+POL []
-았다가-ass-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -비서가-bi-seo-ga +Secretary+SUBJ [] -부턴가-bu-teon-ga +from+SUPPOSE [suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness or uncertainty] -대가리-dae-ga-ri +extremely [note that this affix is always followed by eobs-, eg 재미대가리 없-, be bloody boring] -다가-da-ga +and_then ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -다가도-da-ga-do +and_then+even ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue [implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210] -든가 -deun-ga +in_that_case [] -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP [] -어서가-eo-seo-ga +because_of [] -었다가-eoss-da-ga +PAST+while [also implies "since, because"] -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -에서가-e-seo-ga +LOC+SUBJ [] -가-ga +SUBJ [with preceding vowel] -기가-gi-ga +NOUN+SUBJ [] -인가-i-n-ga +be+SUPPOSE [can also indicate an exclamation] -인가요-i-n-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -인가요-in-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -이라든가-i-ra-deun-ga whatever [] -지가-ji-ga +NEG+SUBJ [] -는가-neun-ga +INT [] -ㄴ가-n-ga +SUPPOSE [< -는가 -neunga, impersonal question; suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness or uncertainty] -ㄴ가가-n-ga-ga +some+SUBJ [] -라든가-ra-deun-ga whatever [] -시가-si-ga +city+SUBJ [] -씨가-ssi-ga +Ms/r+SUBJ []
-다가-da-ga2 +PERF [] -가-ga2 +street []
-값-gabs +price []
-개-gae +NOM []
-객-gaeg +person []
-감-gam +suitable []
-분간-bun-gan +minutes+during [] -다간-da-gan +and_then+DESC ["X, and then Y"; attached to X to imply that action X was cut short by action Y; the subject of both X and Y needs to be identical; could also be translated: "while X, Y"] -어간-eo-gan +gradually+DESC []
-같은-gat-eun like, similar to, such as, ditto [] -같이-gat-i +like []
-들에게-deul-e-ge +PL+to [] -에게-e-ge +to [literary] -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC [literary] -에게서-e-ge-seo +from [literary] -에게서는-e-ge-seo-neun +from+TOPIC [literary] -을게요-eul-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo] -게-ge +ADV [adverbialiser; also means "so that"; can also be a nominaliser; followed by 되 means "come to be"] -게도-ge-do +ADV+also [] -게요-ge-yo +ADV+POL [] -ㄹ게-l-ge +FUT [with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;] -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;]
-았거든-ass-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -았거든요-ass-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -았거나-ass-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -었거든-eoss-geo-deun +PAST+because [] -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -었거나-eoss-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -거야-eul-geo-ya +FUT+INT [] -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL [] -거든-geo-deun +because [with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL [with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -거나-geo-na +or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -거라-geo-ra do [plain style command usually used by an older person to a younger person, or by someone in the higher position to the lower position; sounds a bit old-fashioned] -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL [with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -인거지-in-geo-ji +be+thing+SURPRISE [] -이라거나-i-ra-geo-na +be+QUO+or [] -ㄹ거야-l-geo-ya +FUT+INT [] -는다거나-neun-da-geo-na +INDIC+AFF+or [used when listing or considering possibilities] -는거야-neun-geo-ya +DESC+thing+be [] -ㄴ거-n-geo +DESC+thing [] -ㄴ거니-n-geo-ni +CONTRAST []
-건-geon +or [< -거나, implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -는건지-neun-geon-ji +DESC+DOUBT [건지 < 것인지, is it?] -ㄴ건-n-geon +DESC+thing+TOPIC []
-어야겠어-a-ya-gess-eo +should [] -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -었겠지-eoss-gess-ji +PAST+FUT+QUERY [indicates a conjecture about the past] -었겠네-eoss-gess-ne +PAST+FUT+EXCL [] -어야겠다-eo-ya-gess-da +must [implies "should" or "need to"; with 1P, denotes a strong compulsion to do st; with 2/3P, denotes a strong recommendation] -어야겠어-eo-ya-gess-eo +should [] -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -겠다-gess-da +FUT+AFF [] -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO [] -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF [implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do"] -겠다는데-gess-da-neun-de +FUT+REASON [] -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL [] -겠고-gess-go +FUT+and [] -겠구나-gess-gu-na +FUT+REALISE [implies an assumption or realization about something that will happen or is likely to be true in the future; conveys a sense of mild surprise or confirmation of something expected.] -겠지-gess-ji +FUT+QUERY [indicates a conjecture] -겠지만-gess-ji-man +FUT+however [] -겠네-gess-ne +FUT+EXCL [] -겠느냐-gess-neu-nya +FUT+INDIC+ [] -겠니-gess-ni +FUT+INT [] -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO [-nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked] -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -셔야겠네요-si-eo-ya-gess-ne-yo +HON+should+FUT+SURPRISE+POL [] -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -야겠다-ya-gess-da +should+FUT+AFF [] -야겠지-ya-gess-ji +FUT+have_to [indicates obligation or assumption] -야겠네요-ya-gess-ne-yo +FUT+COMPEL+POL [] -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT []
-금-geum +money []
-았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT [] -다니까-da-ni-gga +CONFIRM [] -에까지-e-gga-ji +LOC+until [] -었을까-eoss-eul-gga +PAST+wonder [] -었으니까-eoss-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -을까-eul-gga +wonder [with preceding consonant; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..."] -을까를-eul-gga-reul +wonder+TOPIC [] -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should [with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because [with preceding consonant] -으니까요-eu-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding consonant] -까지-gga-ji +until [] -까지이다-gga-ji-i-da +until+be+AFF [] -까지이고-gga-ji-i-go +until+be+and [] -까지인데-gga-ji-in-de +until+be+SUGGEST [] -까지만-gga-ji-man +until+only [] -까지는-gga-ji-neun +until+TOPIC [] -입니까-ib-ni-gga +be+INDIC+INT [] -이었을까-i-eoss-eul-gga +be+PAST+wonder [] -일까-i-l-gga +be+wonder [] -이니까-i-ni-gga +be+because [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT [] -쯤일까-jjeum-i-l-gga +approx+be+wonder [] -ㄹ까-l-gga +wonder [with preceding vowel; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..."] -ㄹ까봐-l-gga-bwa +might [] -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should [with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -ㄹ테니까-l-te-ni-gga +promise [expresses intention or promise in X, followed by a reason or condition in Y] -니까-ni-gga +because [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -니까요-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -습니까-seub-ni-gga +INDIC+INT [] -십니까-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INT+PRES [] -셨습니까-si-eoss-seub-ni-gga +HON+INDIC+INT [] -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should [] -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES []
-께-gge +to+HON [respectful dative, used when referring to God, the king, grandparents, etc; use seems to be declining, but should always be used in letters to those of superior rank or age] -께서-gge-seo +SUBJ+HON [respectful subject marker, used when referring to God, the king, grandparents, etc; use seems to be declining]
-께-gge2 +around [around a time, near a place]
-껏-ggeos +to_the_best_of []
-끼리-ggi-ri +in_groups []
-꼴-ggol +rate []
-자꾸나-ja-ggu-na +PROP [used by an older person to a much younger person]
-았기-ass-gi +PAST+NOUN [] -었기-eoss-gi +PAST+NOUN [indicates unfinished activities, processes and states] -기-gi +NOUN [with preceding vowel; indicates unfinished activities, processes and states] -기도-gi-do +NOUN+also [with following ha- means "sometimes"] -기에-gi-e +NOUN+LOC [] -기엔-gi-en +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC [] -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC [] -기가-gi-ga +NOUN+SUBJ [] -기전에-gi-jeon-e +NOUN+before [] -기는-gi-neun +NOUN+TOPIC [] -기라도-gi-ra-do +NOUN+even [] -기를-gi-reul +NOUN+OBJ [] -기로-gi-ro +ADV [] -기로-gi-ro2 +decide [] -였기-i-eoss-gi +be+PAST+NOUN [] -이기도-i-gi-do +also [] -내기-nae-gi +seen_as [refers to people characterised as having a particular quality] -시기-si-gi +HON+NOUN [followed by ddae-mun-e to mean "because of"; this takes a preceding noun, so a nominaliser has to be used if the preceding item is a verb]
-기-gi2 +machine []
길-gil +route [] 길-gil +hope []
-긴-gin +NOUN+DESC []
-아라고만-a-ra-go-man +QUO+only [] -았다고-ass-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -았었었다고-ass-eoss-eoss-da-go +PLUPERF+QUO [reinforces that something was indeed previously stated
] -았고-ass-go +PAST+and [] -다고-da-go +QUO [] -들하고-deul-ha-go +PL+with [] -들이라고-deul-i-ra-go +PL+be+QUO [translates "what can be called"] -어놓고-eo-noh-go +COMPLETED+and [] -었다고-eoss-da-go +PAST+QUO [] -었고-eoss-go +PAST+and [] -으리라고는-eu-ri-ra-go-neun +FUT+DISBELIEF [] --으려고-eu-ryeo-go +INTENT [with preceding consonant] -겠다고-gess-da-go +FUT+QUO [] -겠고-gess-go +FUT+and [] -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO [-nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked] -까지이고-gga-ji-i-go +until+be+and [] -고-go +and [connects verbs (clauses); no logical connection is implied; "and" in a positive sentence, "or" in a negative sentence; refers to two or more things of equal status] -고도-go-do +even_then [] -고는-go-neun +and+TOPIC [CHECK; better: contrastive] -고서-go-seo +only_then [refers to realising something obvious or belatedly understanding something
] -고서야-go-seo-ya +only_then [< 그리고서야 geurigo-seo-ya; refers to realising something obvious or belatedly understanding something
] -고야-go-ya +only_after [implies frustration or belated realisation] -고요-go-yo +also+POL [] -하고-ha-go +with [] -이었고-i-eoss-go +be+PAST+and [after a consonant] -이고-i-go +be+and [] -이냐고-i-nya-go +be+QQUO [implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form] -이라고-i-ra-go +be+QUO [translates "what can be called"] -이라고는-i-ra-go-neun +be+QUO+TOPIC [] -자고-ja-go +PQUO [] -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM [] -졌고-jyeoss-go +become+PAST+and [] -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO [] -느냐고-neu-nya-go +QQUO [] -느라고-neu-ra-go +process+and [indicates simultaneous action, or the reason for an action] -냐고-nya-go +QQUO [implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form] -라고-ra-go +QUO [with preceding vowel; in quoted commands, the benefactive 주, ju (do for, let, allow - act for the benefit of sb else) is usually replaced by 달, dal, unless the person benefitting from the action is different from the person making the command] -려고-ryeo-go +INTENT [with preceding vowel] -려고요-ryeo-go-yo +INTENT+POL [with preceding vowel] -였고-yeoss-go +be+PAST+and []
-았구나-ass-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -더라구요-deo-ra-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -었구나-eoss-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -었구요-eoss-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -겠구나-gess-gu-na +FUT+REALISE [implies an assumption or realization about something that will happen or is likely to be true in the future; conveys a sense of mild surprise or confirmation of something expected.] -구먼-gu-meon +indeed [] -구나-gu-na +REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -이구나-i-gu-na +be+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -로구나-ro-gu-na +STATE+REALISE []
-았군-ass-gun +PAST+SURPRISE [] -었군-eoss-gun +PAST+SURPRISE [] -군-gun +county [] -군은-gun-eun +county+TOPIC [] -군과-gun-gwa +county+and [] -군요-gun-yo +REALISE+POL [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -로군-ro-gun +STATE+REALISE []
-임을-im-eul +ASSERT [confirms that something is the case]
-아서인지-a-seo-in-ji +because+be+maybe [] -까지인데-gga-ji-in-de +until+be+SUGGEST [] -인-in +be+DESC [< i (copula) + n (adjectiviser)] -인데-in-de +be+SUGGEST [expresses contrast: "even though", "...but/yet"] -인데다-in-de-da +be+in_addition [indicates an additional reason or fact; implies that the current situation is influenced by the additional fact, adding another layer of explanation or justification] -인들이-in-deul-i +person+PL+SUBJ [] -인데요-in-de-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL [expresses contrast: "even though", "...but/yet"] -인가요-in-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -인거지-in-geo-ji +be+thing+SURPRISE [] -인이-in-i +be+DESC+SUBJ [] -인지-in-ji +be+maybe [expresses uncertainty or questioning about a fact or situation] -인지는-in-ji-neun +be+maybe+TOPIC [expresses uncertainty or questioning about a fact or situation] -인의-in-ui +person+POSS [] -적인-jeog-in +type+DESC []
-이자-i-ja +be+person [] -자-ja +then [can have a hortative meaning ("let's ...")] -자꾸나-ja-ggu-na +PROP [used by an older person to a much younger person] -자고-ja-go +PQUO [] -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM [] -자마자-ja-ma-ja +as_soon_as [cannot be used with a negative verb; similar to -ja, but implies less time; Kingdon p273]
-자-ja2 +letter []
-과장-gwa-jang +section_chief [] -장-jang +place []
-장-jang2 +document []
-었잖아-eoss-janh-a +PAST+CHECK [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -이잖아요-i-janh-a-yo +be+CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -잖아-janh-a +CHECK [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)]
-적-jeog +type [adverbialiser; results in words ending in English -ic, -al, -ive; usually attached to SK words that do not combine with -ha] -적인-jeog-in +type+DESC []
-아질-a-ji-l +PASS+L [adds a passive or becoming (change of state) meaning to the verb] -아주실-a-ju-si-l +favour+HON+FUT [] -았을-ass-eu-l +COND+DESC [] -었을-eoss-eu-l +PAST+L [] -을-eu-l +L [] -일-i-l +be+L [] -일까-i-l-gga +be+wonder [] -쯤일까-jjeum-i-l-gga +approx+be+wonder [] -ㄹ-l +L [] -ㄹ게-l-ge +FUT [with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;] -ㄹ걸-l-geol +should [] -ㄹ거야-l-geo-ya +FUT+INT [] -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;] -ㄹ까-l-gga +wonder [with preceding vowel; implies a tentative enquiry: "I wonder if ...", "shall ..."] -ㄹ까봐-l-gga-bwa +might [] -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should [with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -ㄹ골-l-gol +I_think [] -ㄹ지-l-ji +might [] -ㄹ지-l-ji-do +might+also [] -ㄹ래-l-rae +want_to [with preceding vowel; can only be used in the first person; implies "let's", "shall we", or telling your intentions ("I'm giong to"); gentle way to suggest something (the other person can veto or change your plans); p212] -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL [] -ㄹ러-l-reo +L+PURPOSE [] -ㄹ테니까-l-te-ni-gga +promise [expresses intention or promise in X, followed by a reason or condition in Y] -실-si-l +HON+L [] -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should [] -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL []
-들마다-deul-ma-da +PL+during [] -자마자-ja-ma-ja +as_soon_as [cannot be used with a negative verb; similar to -ja, but implies less time; Kingdon p273] -지마-ji-ma +NEG+IMP [] -마-ma +PROMISE [] -마다-ma-da +during, each, every [refers to the preceding period of time, eg 저녁마다, jeo-nyeog-ma-da, during the evening, in the evening]
-아라고만-a-ra-go-man +QUO+only [] -았지만-ass-ji-man +PAST+but [With a/o in the verb stem.] -아야만-a-ya-man +INF+must [more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202] -뿐만-bbun-man +not_only [usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)] -들만-deul-man +PL+only [] -어치만-eo-ci-man +amount+only [] -었지만-eoss-ji-man +PAST+but [] -어야만-eo-ya-man +INF+must [more emphatic version of -a-ya; more common in formal speech or writing; p202] -겠지만-gess-ji-man +FUT+however [] -까지만-gga-ji-man +until+only [] -였지만-i-eoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but [] -이지만-i-ji-man +be+although [] -지만-ji-man +but [preceded by a verb] -만-man +only [] -만에-man-e +only+LOC [] 만은-man-eun +only+TOPIC [] -만으로-man-eu-ro +only+INST [just because, solely because of, for that reason alone, just on account of, merely due to] -만으로도-man-eu-ro-do +only+INST+even [] -만이-man-i +only+SUBJ [] -만큼-man-keum +compared_to [] -리뿐만-ri-bbun-man +village+not_only [usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)] -로만-ro-man +INST+only [] -였지만-yeoss-ji-man +be+PAST+but []
-머리-meo-ri +extremely []
-구먼-gu-meon +indeed []
-으므로-eu-meu-ro +because [] -므로-meu-ro +because []
-민들은-min-deul-eun +people+PL+TOPIC []
-모씨-mo-ssi +unspecified [used to refer to an unspecified name, eg 김모씨 Kim-mo-ssi, one Mr Kim, a Kim so-and-so, Mr Kim name unknown]
-물-mul +stuff []
-았으며-ass-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -었으며-eoss-eu-myeo +PAST+while [] -이며-i-myeo +be+while [] -이라며-i-ra-myeo +be+CHECK [implies uncertainty and a neeed to check or confirm] -며-myeo +while [] -ㄴ다며-n-da-myeo +QUO []
-아둔-a-du-n +COMPLETED+DESC [] -아낸다면-a-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -았단다-ass-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -단다-da-n-da +hear_tell [] -던데요-deo-n-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -된-doe-n +be+DESC [] -어낸다면-eo-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -였단다-eoss-da-n-da +PAST+hear_tell [] -은-eu-n +DESC [] -얐단다-i-ass-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell [] -였단다.-i-eoss-da-n-da +be+PAST+hear_tell [] -인-i-n +be+DESC [< i (copula) + n (adjectiviser)] -인가-i-n-ga +be+SUPPOSE [can also indicate an exclamation] -인가요-i-n-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -이란다-i-ra-n-da +be+QUO [implies explanation or assertion] -ㄴ-n +DESC [] -ㄴ다-n-da +INDIC+AFF [] -느대요-n-dae-yo +QUO+SURPRISE [< 한다고 해요 han-da-go hae-yo; expresses surprise or confirmation about information that has been newly-learned or relayed from someone else] -ㄴ다고-n-da-go +QUO [] -ㄴ다며-n-da-myeo +QUO [] -ㄴ다면-n-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -ㄴ단-n-dan +AFF+DESC [] -ㄴ단다-n-da-n-da +hear_tell [] -ㄴ다네-n-da-ne +CONFIRM [] -ㄴ다는-n-da-neun +INDIC+AFF+DESC [] -ㄴ데-n-de +SUGGEST [] -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -는다면-neu-n-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -ㄴ가-n-ga +SUPPOSE [< -는가 -neunga, impersonal question; suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness or uncertainty] -ㄴ가가-n-ga-ga +some+SUBJ [] -ㄴ거-n-geo +DESC+thing [] -ㄴ건-n-geon +DESC+thing+TOPIC [] -ㄴ거니-n-geo-ni +CONTRAST [] -ㄴ일이-n-il-i +DESC+things+be [] -ㄴ지-n-ji +VAGUE [implies vague doubt or judgment] -란다-ra-n-da +QUO [implies explanation or assertion]
-았거나-ass-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -았구나-ass-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -았나-ass-na +PAST+INT [with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138] -에나-e-na +at (time) [] -어지나-eo-ji-na +PAST+like_that [] -었거나-eoss-geo-na +PAST+or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -었구나-eoss-gu-na +PAST+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -었나-eoss-na +PAST+INT [with following bo, see, means "it seems that", p138] -으나-eu-na +although [] -거나-geo-na +or [implies that a choice can be made between two actions, or that there is no difference between outcomes] -겠구나-gess-gu-na +FUT+REALISE [implies an assumption or realization about something that will happen or is likely to be true in the future; conveys a sense of mild surprise or confirmation of something expected.] -구나-gu-na +REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -이구나-i-gu-na +be+REALISE [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -이나-i-na +or [refers to nouns] -이라거나-i-ra-geo-na +be+QUO+or [] -자꾸나-ja-ggu-na +PROP [used by an older person to a much younger person] -나-na +or [with a verb, and followed by bo, see, means "it seems that...", p138] -나요-na-yo +INT+POL [< -는가요 -neun-ga-yo, an impersonal question form used as a declarative] -는다거나-neun-da-geo-na +INDIC+AFF+or [used when listing or considering possibilities] -로구나-ro-gu-na +STATE+REALISE [] -려나-ryeo-na +wonder [] -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL []
-아낸다면-a-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -어낸다면-eo-nae-n-da-myeon +manage_to+if [] -내-nae +manage_to [] -내기-nae-gi +seen_as [refers to people characterised as having a particular quality]
-겠느냐-gess-neu-nya +FUT+INDIC+ [] -는다면-neu-n-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -느니라-neu-ni-ra +IMP [archaic "prayer" style] -느냐고-neu-nya-go +QQUO [] -느라-neu-ra +process [in the process of Xing, while Xing, because of Xing] -느라고-neu-ra-go +process+and [indicates simultaneous action, or the reason for an action]
-았다가는-ass-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -았다는-ass-da-neun +PAST+DESC [] -았는데-ass-neun-de +PAST+HESITATE [] -았는지-ass-neun-ji +PAST+approx [] -보다는-bo-da-neun +than+TOPIC [] -대는-dae-neun +CONT+TOPIC [] -다가는-da-ga-neun +continue [implies a negative consequence in the future, so cannot be used in a postive sentence or in in other tense than the future; p210] -다는-da-neun +QUO+DESC [< -다고 하는, -da-go ha-neun; implies "that sb is/has/does" or "sb who is/has/does"] -다는데-da-neun-de +AFF+HESITATE [] -들에서는-deul-e-seo-neun +PL+LOC+TOPIC [] -에게는-e-ge-neun +to+TOPIC [literary] -에게서는-e-ge-seo-neun +from+TOPIC [literary] -에는-e-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -어대는-eo-dae-neun +CONT+TOPIC [] -어주는-eo-ju-neun +favour+DESC [] -었다가는-eoss-da-ga-neun +HYP [hypothetical: if A were to happen, then B); p210] -었다는-eoss-da-neun +PAST+AFF+DESC [] -었었는데-eoss-eoss-neun-de +PAST+PAST+SUGGEST [] -었는데-eoss-neun-de +PAST+SUGGEST [] -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -었는지-eoss-neun-ji +PAST+approx [] -었는지도-eoss-neun-ji-do +PAST+approx+even [might have ...] -에서는 -e-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -으리라고는-eu-ri-ra-go-neun +FUT+DISBELIEF [] -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -겠다는-gess-da-neun +FUT+QUO+AFF [implies "that sb will be/have/do" or "sb who will be/have/do"] -겠다는데-gess-da-neun-de +FUT+REASON [] -까지는-gga-ji-neun +until+TOPIC [] -기에는-gi-e-neun +NOUN+LOC+TOPIC [] -기는-gi-neun +NOUN+TOPIC [] -고는-go-neun +and+TOPIC [CHECK; better: contrastive] -공주는-gong-ju-neun +Princess+TOPIC [] -과는-gwa-neun +and+TOPIC [] -한테는-han-te-neun +to+TOPIC [] -한테서는-han-te-seo-neun +to+LOC+TOPIC [] -이었는-i-eoss-neun +be+PAST+DESC [] -이었는데-i-eoss-neun-de +be+PAST+SUGGEST [] -이는-i-neun +TOPIC [with preceding consonant] -인지는-in-ji-neun +be+maybe+TOPIC [expresses uncertainty or questioning about a fact or situation] -이라고는-i-ra-go-neun +be+QUO+TOPIC [] -이라는-i-ra-neun +be+QUO [with preceding noun] -지는-ji-neun +NEG+TOPIC [+NEG before anh-] -ㄴ다는-n-da-neun +INDIC+AFF+DESC [] -는-neun +TOPIC [with preceding vowel] -는다-neun-da +INDIC+AFF [] -는다거나-neun-da-geo-na +INDIC+AFF+or [used when listing or considering possibilities] -는다면-neun-da-myeon +INDIC+AFF+if [] -는다는-neun-da-neun +INDIC+AFF+DESC [] -는데요-neun-de +HESITATE [implies hesitation or waiting for the other person to comment.] -는데다-neun-de-da +in_addition [] -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL [with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -는가-neun-ga +INT [] -는건지-neun-geon-ji +DESC+DOUBT [건지 < 것인지, is it?] -는거야-neun-geo-ya +DESC+thing+be [] -는지-neun-ji +QVAGUE [] -는지도-neun-ji-do +DESC+neither [] -는요-neun-yo +TOPIC+POL [] -라는-ra-neun +QUO+TOPIC, named [with preceding vowel] -리는-ri-neun +village+TOPIC [] -로는-ro-neun +INST+TOPIC [] -려는-ryeo-neun +INTENT+TOPIC [] -서는-seo-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES [] -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL [] -와는-wa-neun +and+TOPIC [] -여는-yeo-neun +be+INF+TOPIC []
-아졌으니-a-ji-eoss-eu-ni +become+PAST+because [passive] -았다더니-ass-da-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [] -았더니-ass-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -았으니까-ass-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -았니-ass-ni +PAST+INT [] -았습니다-ass-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -았습니까-ass-seub-ni-gga +PAST+INDIC+INT [] -ㅂ니다-b-ni-da +INDIC+AFF [with preceding vowel; used in formal settings] -다니-da-ni +DISBELIEF [] -다니까-da-ni-gga +CONFIRM [] -더니-deo-ni +RESULT [] -드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES [] -어주었습니다-eo-ju-eoss-seub-ni-da +favour+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -어졌습니다-eo-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -었다니-eoss-da-ni +PAST+DISBELIEF [] -었더니-eoss-deo-ni +PAST+and_then [Retrospective. Implies that the new fact is different from what was expected. Could imply an element of surprise about the fact.] -었으니-eoss-eu-ni +PAST+because [] -었으니까-eoss-eu-ni-gga +PAST+because [] -었니-eoss-ni +PAST+INT [] -었습니다-eoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -으니-eu-ni +because [because, since, as; refers to the reason for something; can also imply that you were doing something and then realised something (else)] -으니까-eu-ni-gga +because [with preceding consonant] -으니까요-eu-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding consonant] -으십니다-eu-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [with preceding consonant] -으시니-eu-si-ni +HON+INT [] -겠니-gess-ni +FUT+INT [] -겠습니다-gess-seub-ni-da +FUT+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -입니다-ib-ni-da +be+INDIC+AFF [] -입니까-ib-ni-gga +be+INDIC+INT [] -이더니-i-deo-ni +be+RESULT [] -였습니다-i-eoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -이니까-i-ni-gga +be+because [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -이십니다-i-sib-ni-da +be+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -이십니까-i-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INDIC+INT [] -이였습니다-i-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -졌습니다-jyeoss-seub-ni-da +become+PAST+INDIC+AFF [] -ㄹ테니까-l-te-ni-gga +promise [expresses intention or promise in X, followed by a reason or condition in Y] -느니라-neu-ni-ra +IMP [archaic "prayer" style] -ㄴ거니-n-geo-ni +CONTRAST [] -니-ni +INT [] -니까-ni-gga +because [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -니까요-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -그리트-rab-ni-da +be+hear_that [contraction of -라고 합니다, -rago hamnida] -섰습니다-seoss-seub-ni-da +PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF [] -습니다-seub-ni-da +INDIC+AFF [with preceding consonant; used in formal settings] -습니까-seub-ni-gga +INDIC+INT [] -십니다-sib-ni-da +HON+INDIC+AFF [with preceding vowel] -십니까-sib-ni-gga +be+HON+INT+PRES [] -셨습니까-si-eoss-seub-ni-gga +HON+INDIC+INT [] -시는겁니까-si-neun-geob-ni-gga +HON+DESC+thing+INT+PRES [] -시니-si-ni +HON+INT [] -였습니다-yeoss-seub-ni-da +be+PAST+HON+INDIC+AFF []
-다니-da-ni2 +ONGOING [] -니-ni2 +because []
-님-nim +Sir [respectful suffix added to titles, family names, etc; when added to family names, the last syllable often disappears, eg 아버지 → 아버님; can ONLY be used when referring to or speaking to someone else - never in connection with oneself] -님을-nim-eul +Sir+OBJ [] -님은요-nim-eun-yo +Sir+TOPIC+POL [] -님의-nim-ui +Sir+POSS []
-어놓-eo-noh +COMPLETED [used for an act which is completed, and the resulting state continues] -어놓고-eo-noh-go +COMPLETED+and []
-놔요-nwa-yo +COMPLETION+POL [< no-a < noh, put]
-으시냐-eu-si-nya +HON+INT [] -겠느냐-gess-neu-nya +FUT+INDIC+ [] -겠냐고-gess-nya-go +FUT+QQUO [-nya-go implies referring to a question previously asked] -이냐고-i-nya-go +be+QQUO [implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form] -느냐고-neu-nya-go +QQUO [] -냐-nya +INT [asks for confirmation or clarification; often implies disbelief or annoyance] -냐고-nya-go +QQUO [implies referring to a question previously asked, or using quoted material in question form] -시냐-si-nya +HON+INT []
-아라-a-ra +COMMAND/EXCL [] -아라고만-a-ra-go-man +QUO+only [] -더라-deo-ra +PAST [] -더라도-deo-ra-do +even_if [] -더라구요-deo-ra-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -들이라고-deul-i-ra-go +PL+be+QUO [translates "what can be called"] -어가라-eo-ga-ra +REP+IMP [] -어라-eo-ra +COMMAND/EXCL [] -어라-eo-ra +IMP [] -었더라면-eoss-deo-ra-myeon +PAST+COND [] -으라-eu-ra +IMP [] -으리라-eu-ri-ra +FUT [] -으리라고는-eu-ri-ra-go-neun +FUT+DISBELIEF [] -거라-geo-ra do [plain style command usually used by an older person to a younger person, or by someone in the higher position to the lower position; sounds a bit old-fashioned] -기라도-gi-ra-do +NOUN+even [] -이라-i-ra +be+because [] -이라든가-i-ra-deun-ga whatever [] -이라도-i-ra-do +even [with preceding consonant; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example"] -이라거나-i-ra-geo-na +be+QUO+or [] -이라고-i-ra-go +be+QUO [translates "what can be called"] -이라고는-i-ra-go-neun +be+QUO+TOPIC [] -이라며-i-ra-myeo +be+CHECK [implies uncertainty and a neeed to check or confirm] -이라면-i-ra-myeon +be+if [] -이란다-i-ra-n-da +be+QUO [implies explanation or assertion] -이라는-i-ra-neun +be+QUO [with preceding noun] -이라를-i-ra-reul +be+AFF+OBJ [this combination only occurs in phrases where a title which contains the verb ending is being referred to as an object, eg ‘이번 생은 처음이라’를] -이라서-i-ra-seo +be+because [] -이라야-i-ra-ya +EMPH [] -느니라-neu-ni-ra +IMP [archaic "prayer" style] -느라-neu-ra +process [in the process of Xing, while Xing, because of Xing] -느라고-neu-ra-go +process+and [indicates simultaneous action, or the reason for an action] -라-ra +IMP [] -라든가-ra-deun-ga whatever [] -라도-ra-do +even [with preceding vowel; implies emphasis; also means "at least" (a less than optimal choice), "any" (same as any other) or "for example"] -라고-ra-go +QUO [with preceding vowel; in quoted commands, the benefactive 주, ju (do for, let, allow - act for the benefit of sb else) is usually replaced by 달, dal, unless the person benefitting from the action is different from the person making the command] -라면-ra-myeon +be+if [] -란다-ra-n-da +QUO [implies explanation or assertion] -라는-ra-neun +QUO+TOPIC, named [with preceding vowel] -라고-ra-seo +because [] -서라-seo-ra +imperative [] -시더라도-si-deo-ra-do +HON+even_if []
-라-ra2 +because [< 라고, -ra-seo; -ra is a plain style statement which is used to explain a fact; it sounds quite formal and old-fashioned]
-그리트-rab-ni-da +be+hear_that [contraction of -라고 합니다, -rago hamnida]
-ㄹ래-l-rae +want_to [with preceding vowel; can only be used in the first person; implies "let's", "shall we", or telling your intentions ("I'm giong to"); gentle way to suggest something (the other person can veto or change your plans); p212] -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL [] -래-rae +MANNER [] -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL []
-을까를-eul-gga-reul +wonder+TOPIC [] -기를-gi-reul +NOUN+OBJ [] -이라를-i-ra-reul +be+AFF+OBJ [this combination only occurs in phrases where a title which contains the verb ending is being referred to as an object, eg ‘이번 생은 처음이라’를] -를-reul +OBJ [with preceding vowel]
-대가리-dae-ga-ri +extremely [note that this affix is always followed by eobs-, eg 재미대가리 없-, be bloody boring] -대리-dae-ri +assistant_manager [] -어버리-eo-beo-ri +completely [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -어버렸다-eo-beo-ri-eoss-da +completely+PAST+AFF [signifies completion of an action, and also that the speaker is reiieved or sorry about the action] -으리라-eu-ri-ra +FUT [] -으리라고는-eu-ri-ra-go-neun +FUT+DISBELIEF [] -끼리-ggi-ri +in_groups [] -짜리 -jja-ri +amount [] -머리-meo-ri +extremely [] -리-ri +village [] -리뿐만-ri-bbun-man +village+not_only [usually followed by a-ni-ra (but also)] -리는-ri-neun +village+TOPIC [] -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT []
-드립니다-deu-rib-ni-da +VERB+polite+INDIC+PRES []
-버린-beo-rin[] -어버린-eo-beo-rin +completely+DESC []
-대로-dae-ro +according_to [] -들로-deul-ro +PL+INST [] -으므로-eu-meu-ro +because [] -으로-eu-ro +INST [With preceding consonant. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of).] -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -으로는-eu-ro-neun +LOC+TOPIC [] -으로서도-eu-ro-seo-do +as+also [] -기로-gi-ro +ADV [] -점으로-jeom-eu-ro +like_a_dot [] -만으로-man-eu-ro +only+INST [just because, solely because of, for that reason alone, just on account of, merely due to] -만으로도-man-eu-ro-do +only+INST+even [] -므로-meu-ro +because [] -명으로-myeong-eu-ro +people+INST [] -로-ro +INST [With preceding vowel or ㄹ. Indicates a means or tool (instrumental), general direction (contrast -e, which refers to a specific location or direction), a selection from several options (eg in what size...?), the end point of a change of state (became ...), a reason (due to, because of).] -로도-ro-do +INST+also [] -로군-ro-gun +STATE+REALISE [] -로구나-ro-gu-na +STATE+REALISE [] -로만-ro-man +INST+only [] -로는-ro-neun +INST+TOPIC [] -로서-ro-seo +regarding [] -위로-wi-ro +onto []
-기로-gi-ro2 +decide []
-롭-rob +full_of []
-도록-do-rog +so_that [for V-ing, to V, just V-ing] -어질수록-eo-jil-su-rog +become+the_more [] -을수록-eul-su-rog +the_more [expresses linked change: "the more X happens, the more Y"; attached to X, and Y often has the affix -지, -ji] -수록-su-rog +the_more [expresses linked change: "the more X happens, the more Y"; attached to X, and Y often has the affix -지, -ji]
-모씨-mo-ssi +unspecified [used to refer to an unspecified name, eg 김모씨 Kim-mo-ssi, one Mr Kim, a Kim so-and-so, Mr Kim name unknown] -씨-ssi Ms, Mrs, Mr [not as formal or polite as the English Ms/Mrs/Mr; used to address an adult who is about the same age as or younger than yourself; should NOT be used to refer to yourself, or to address bosses or adults who are older than you] -씨도-ssi-do +Ms/r+also [] -씨가-ssi-ga +Ms/r+SUBJ [] -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL []
-씩-ssig +number, each []
-어질수록-eo-jil-su-rog +become+the_more [] -을수록-eul-su-rog +the_more [expresses linked change: "the more X happens, the more Y"; attached to X, and Y often has the affix -지, -ji] -수-su +skilled_in [] -수록-su-rog +the_more [expresses linked change: "the more X happens, the more Y"; attached to X, and Y often has the affix -지, -ji]
-들한테도-deul-han-te-do +PL+to+also [] -한테-han-te +to [] -한테도-han-te-do +to+also [] -한테는-han-te-neun +to+TOPIC [] -한테서는-han-te-seo-neun +to+LOC+TOPIC [] -ㄹ테니까-l-te-ni-gga +promise [expresses intention or promise in X, followed by a reason or condition in Y]
-부터-bu-teo +from [has the same "from" meaning as 에서, but sounds more formal
] -에서부터-e-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -으로부터-eu-ro-bu-teo +LOC+from [] -서부터-seo-bu-teo +LOC+from []
-부턴가-bu-teon-ga +from+SUPPOSE [suppositional, giving a sense of indefiniteness or uncertainty]
-여-yeo +INF [] -여-yeo over, exceeding [] -여다-yeo-da +and_then [< -여다가; with preceding verb which is a -하 form; implies that the first action is the basis for the subsequent action] -여드리겠어-yeo-deu-ri-gess-eo +CAUS+FAVOUR+FUT [] -여는-yeo-neun +be+INF+TOPIC []
-아졌어요-a-ji-eoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아졌네요-a-ji-eoss-ne-yo +become+PAST+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -아지네요-a-ji-ne-yo +become+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -아줬어요-a-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL [] -아졌어요-a-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -아냈어요-a-naess-eo-yo +manage_to+PAST+POL [] -았어요-ass-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -았거든요-ass-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -어야겠어요-a-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -어야지요-a-ya-ji-yo +INF+must+POL [] -아요-a-yo +POL [] -던데요-deo-n-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -더라구요-deo-ra-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -어줬어요-eo-jweoss-eo-yo +favour+PAST+POL [] -어졌어요-eo-jyeoss-eo-yo +become+PAST+POL [passive] -어져요-eo-jyeo-yo +become+INF+POL [passive] -어세요-eo-se-yo +HON+POL [] -었어요-eoss-eo-yo +PAST+INF+POL [] -었거든요-eoss-geo-deun-yo +PAST+because+POL [] -었구요-eoss-gu-yo +PAST+and_also [] -었는데요-eoss-neun-de-yo +PAST+SUGGEST+POL [With preceding active verb. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -었네요-eoss-ne-yo +PAST+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -어야겠어요-eo-ya-gess-eo-yo +should+POL [] -어요-eo-yo +INF+POL [] -을거예요-eul-geo-ye-yo +FUT+POL [] -을게요-eul-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding consonant; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -eul-gge-yo] -을까요-eul-gga-yo +should [with preceding consonant; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -은데요-eun-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a consonant. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -으니까요-eu-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding consonant] -으세요-eu-se-yo +HON+POL [with preceding consonant] -으시겠어요-eu-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -으셔요-eu-syeo-yo +HON+INF+POL [old-fashioned compared to -eu-se-yo] -에요-e-yo +LOC+be [] -거든요 -geo-deun-yo +because+POL [with preceding verb; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -겠어요-gess-eo-yo +FUT+POL [] -게요-ge-yo +ADV+POL [] -고요-go-yo +also+POL [] -군요-gun-yo +REALISE+POL [implies that something has just been realised or learned; I see that ...; often conveys surprise; p172] -해요-hae-yo +do+POL [] -이었어요-i-eoss-eo-yo +be+PAST+INF+POL [] -이에요-i-e-yo +be+PRES+POL [] -이거든요-i-geo-deun-yo +be+because+POL [with preceding noun; implies a reason, cause, or explanation: in fact, actually, you see, it's because] -이잖아요-i-janh-a-yo +be+CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -이지요-i-ji-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL [] -일이요-il-i-yo +day+be+POL [] -인데요-in-de-yo +be+SUGGEST+POL [expresses contrast: "even though", "...but/yet"] -이네요-i-ne-yo +be+SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -인가요-i-n-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -인가요-in-ga-yo +be+SUPPOSE+POL [can also indicate an exclamation] -이세요-i-se-yo +be+HON+PRES+POL [] -이예요-i-ye-yo +be+PRES+POL [] -이요-i-yo +be+POL [] -자고요-ja-go-yo +CONFIRM [] -잖아요-janh-a-yo +CHECK+POL [you know? don't you see? you know perfectly well that..., you should know/have known that..., I've already told you that..., don't forget that... Implies that the speaker thinks the listener already knows or agrees with what's being said. (HTSK lesson 90)] -ㄹ게요-l-ge-yo +FUT+POL [with preceding vowel; expresses the speaker's will or intention; used ONLY with first person (never second or third); connotation of "if it's OK with you"; sounds casual, so not used in formal settings; pronounced -l-gge-yo;] -ㄹ까요-l-gga-yo +should [with preceding vowel; implies "should" or "shall", or "I wonder ..." or "do you think ...". It is always a question. ] -ㄹ래요-l-rae-yo +want_to+POL [] -나요-na-yo +INT+POL [< -는가요 -neun-ga-yo, an impersonal question form used as a declarative] -느대요-n-dae-yo +QUO+SURPRISE [< 한다고 해요 han-da-go hae-yo; expresses surprise or confirmation about information that has been newly-learned or relayed from someone else] -ㄴ데요-n-de-yo +SUGGEST+POL [with preceding descriptive verb ending in a vowel. Implies suggestion, hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -는데요-neun-de-yo +HESITATE+POL [with preceding action verb. Implies hesitation, hedging, uncertainty, allowing the listerner to consider and respond. Mostly used in conversation, where -eoyo (which is used for factual information) would be too curt.] -는요-neun-yo +TOPIC+POL [] -네요-ne-yo +SURPRISE+POL [indicates polite surprise or sudden realisation] -니까요-ni-gga-yo +because+POL [with preceding vowel or ㄹ] -님은요-nim-eun-yo +Sir+TOPIC+POL [] -놔요-nwa-yo +COMPLETION+POL [< no-a < noh, put] -려고요-ryeo-go-yo +INTENT+POL [with preceding vowel] -세요-se-yo +HON+POL [with preceding vowel] -셨어요-si-eoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL [] -셨나요-si-eoss-na-yo +HON+PAST+INT+POL [] -셔야겠네요-si-eo-ya-gess-ne-yo +HON+should+FUT+SURPRISE+POL [] -시겠어요-si-gess-eo-yo +HON+FUT+POL [] -실까요-si-l-gga-yo +HON+should [] -실래요-si-l-rae-yo +HON+want_to+POL [] -시네요-si-ne-yo +HON+SURPRISE+POL [] -씨는요-ssi-neun-yo +Ms/r+TOPIC+POL [] -셨어요-syeoss-eo-yo +HON+PAST+POL [] -셔요-syeo-yo +HON+POL [old-fashioned compared to -se-yo] -야겠네요-ya-gess-ne-yo +FUT+COMPEL+POL [] -야지요-ya-ji-yo +should+POL [] -예요-ye-yo +be+POL [] -요-yo +POL []
